Fig. 2
Mural Pparg overexpression leads to metabolic benefits in obesity. a Glucose tolerance tests of control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-diet feeding. Two-way ANOVA, *p < 0.05; Control-Chow, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG-Chow, n = 7; Control-HFD, n = 8; Mural-PpargTG-HFD, n = 9. Data points represent mean + s.e.m. b Insulin tolerance tests of control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-HFD feeding. Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05; Control-HFD, n = 8; Mural-PpargTG-HFD, n = 9. Data points represent mean + s.e.m. c Six-hour fasting serum insulin levels in control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-diet feeding. Two-way ANOVA, *p < 0.05; Control-Chow, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG-Chow, n = 7; Control-HFD, n = 8; Mural-PpargTG-HFD, n = 9. Bars represent mean + s.e.m. d The glucose infusion rate needed to maintain euglycemia (~137 mg/dl) during hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp assays of conscious unrestrained control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-HFD feeding. Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05; Control-HFD, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG-HFD, n = 5. Bars represent mean + s.e.m. e Basal and clamped rates of endogenous glucose production during hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp assays of control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-HFD feeding. Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05; Control-HFD, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG-HFD, n = 5. Bars represent mean + s.e.m. f Rates of glucose disposal during hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp assays of control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-HFD feeding. Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05; Control-HFD, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG -HFD, n = 5. Bars represent mean + s.e.m. g–n Western blot analysis of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), total Akt, and β-actin protein levels in tissue extracts of g, h gonadal WAT, i, j inguinal WAT, k–l liver, and m, n soleus muscle from control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-HFD feeding. For quantification, intensity of pAkt band is normalized to that of total Akt band. The mean value of pAkt/Akt intensity ratio of insulin-treated control mice samples were set as 100%. n = 3 individual mice per genotype. Bars represent mean + s.e.m. o Hepatic and p serum triglycerides levels in control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-diet feeding. Two-way ANOVA, *p < 0.05; Control-Chow, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG-Chow, n = 7; Control-HFD, n = 8; Mural-PpargTG-HFD, n = 9. Bars represent mean + s.e.m. q Serum adiponectin levels in control and Mural-PpargTG mice after 16 weeks of dox-diet feeding. Two-way ANOVA, *p < 0.05; Control-Chow, n = 7; Mural-PpargTG-Chow, n = 7; Control-HFD, n = 8; Mural-PpargTG -HFD, n = 9. Bars represent mean + s.e.m.
