Fig. 6

In vivo real-time excitation-free phosphorescent imaging of lymph nodes. a Top-down approach to synthesize the water-soluble nanoparticles of CS-F: the crystal was added to the aqueous solution of PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG (F127) under continuous sonication, then the aqueous solution was filtered through a 0.22 µm polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (Millipore). b Ultralong phosphorescence and fluorescence imaging of lymph node in living mice 1 h after the intradermal injection of CS-F nanoparticles into the forepaw of mice