Fig. 4

Inverse-modelled erosion rates. a Conceptual representation of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model, defining glacial and interglacial periods from a stacked benthic δ¹⁸O record⁴⁹, which is a proxy for global ice volume. The δ¹⁸O-threshold is a free model parameter, and red lines indicate a typical uncertainty associated with this parameter. b Example of a modelled exhumation history (sample SF53) since 1 Myr. The blue shades represent the distribution of 200,000 simulated exhumation histories consistent with measured nuclide abundances. Modelled median erosion rate (orange circle) and uncertainty (blue bar) for this sample is indicated on the right. c Modelled median erosion rates (m Myr⁻¹, quartile uncertainties, bottom axis) for all available ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al pairs (circles) and ¹⁰Be measurements (triangles). Vertical profile samples >1600 m a.s.l. (circles with black outline) are from a blockfield-covered plateau summit. Maximum erosion rates are unconstrained for samples without inheritance (dashes to the right). Grey bars represent the hypsometry of the Sognefjorden drainage basin (top axis). Black wiggle links the mean erosion rates binned at 100 m interval