Fig. 5

Voltage control domain switching evidenced by (Pt/Co)2/Ru/(Co/Pt)2/glass SAF heterostructures. a Ex situ VSM hysteresis loops at tRu = 0.92 nm. b,c are corresponding domain nucleations at 0 and 4 V. The voltage dwell time is 5 min. d Ex situ VSM hysteresis loops at tRu = 0.9 nm. e–i are the corresponding domain switching images at various Vg. The determination of reversal ratio: count the ratio of light (b, c) and shade (e–i) at first, and then normalized by the value of saturated image