Fig. 1

Comparison of the response of the liquid water path to the perturbation of the aerosol number concentration estimated from satellite observations and the models. Geographical distribution of a λ_c and b, c λ, and distribution of d λ_c and e, f λ over the precipitation-lower tropospheric stability (LTS) plane estimated from the results of a, d the A-Train satellite, b, e the GCRM, and c, f the GCM¹⁶. Positive and negative values of λ mean an increase or decrease in LWP with increasing aerosol loading, respectively. For d–f, the results over the ocean between 60^o S to 60^o N were used. λ in each grid was calculated by the least-square method. The number written at the bottom left of a–c was the value of λ_c and λ averaged from 60^o S to 60^o N. The negative value of average λ was successfully reproduced in the GCRM. Figures were mapped using the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS)⁴⁴ version 2.1.a1