Fig. 2
From: Context-dependent interactions and the regulation of species richness in freshwater fish
Categories of habitat overlap among fish species. Representative ordinations of lakes in multivariate environmental space for fish species pairs, divided into four broad categories described in Supplementary Table 4: a–c species rarely co-occur—there can be a large overlap between A alone and B alone (i.e., they can tolerate similar lake conditions), yet they are rarely found together—this is consistent with negative interactions; d at least one species inhabits a compressed range of lake conditions when the other is present—this could be due to abiotic limitations of one or both species, such that the range of conditions inhabitable is narrower than when they are alone, or it could result from ‘contingent coexistence,’ where a subordinate can only escape the effects of a dominant in certain environmental conditions; e species co-occur quite often with no evidence of a narrowing of environmental conditions in the presence of the other; and f one species is found in a greater range of environmental conditions when the other is present. DD = degree days; P = phosphorus; cond = conductivity
