Fig. 4
From: Low ocean-floor rises regulate subpolar sea surface temperature by forming baroclinic jets
Surface jet formation and baroclinic Rossby wave characteristic curves. a Characteristic curves and bottom topography. Contours represent Qc given by Eq. (2) evaluated in the western North Pacific. The hyperbolic stationary points h1 and h2 associated with J1 and J2, respectively, are denoted by yellow dots. Contour interval is 0.5 × 10−6 s−1, where thick lines are 4.5 (solid black), 5.0 (dashed black), 8.0 (dashed blue), 12.0 (solid blue) × 10−6 s−1. Shade represents bottom topography. b Characteristic curves, interfacial depth, and surface current. Contours are Qc, which is the same as those in a. Shade represents isopycnal depth (m) of σ θ = 27.2 derived from JCOPE2 ocean reanalysis. Red (black) arrows denote the surface velocity faster than 0.1 m s−1 (between 0.1 ms−1 and 0.05 ms−1) from JCOPE2. Yellow dots denote the hyperbolic stationary points h1 and h2. c Schematic plot representing the relation between characteristic curves and surface jet formation. Shaded distorted plane represents the depth of an isopycnal surface. d Eddy flux (vectors; m2 s−1) adjacent to the J1 and its convergence/divergence (color shade; m s−1) inside the dashed box in b, where convergence is defined to be positive. Specific formulae of the eddy flux are given by Eq. (13) in Methods. Eddy thickness flux, which is the first term of Eq. (13), dominates over other terms of a factor of 102. Green contours denote Qc with 5.0, 8.0 (×10−6 s−1). Yellow dot denotes h1, and yellow arrow denotes a schematic J1 path. Rises A and B are indicated
