Fig. 7
From: Late Miocene climate cooling and intensification of southeast Asian winter monsoon
Middle to late Miocene climate cooling steps coincident with unusual congruence of the Earth’s orbit. a Miocene to Pleistocene (16–0 Ma) benthic δ18O and δ13C records from ODP Site 1146, compiled from refs. 15,16,17,18 and this work. Blue arrows mark main phases of glacial expansion/deep water cooling; 3 pt smooth: 3 pt moving mean. Lilac shading marks global δ13C decline coincident with planktic δ18O increase and high-amplitude obliquity modulation of benthic δ18O. Blue shading marks final stage of global δ13C decline. Light orange shading marks climate warming after 5.5 Ma. b Comparison of benthic (C. wuellerstorfi and/or C. mundulus) δ18O from ODP Site 1146 (15,16,17 and this work) with orbital parameters (eccentricity and obliquity from ref. 21) reveals similar sequence of climatic events during three Miocene cooling episodes with strikingly similar background orbital configuration. Blue shading marks cooling episodes following an extended period of high-amplitude variability in obliquity congruent with low variability in short eccentricity (gray shading). Light orange shading marks transient warming episodes coincident with high-amplitude variability in short eccentricity
