Fig. 3

CEUS non-invasively detects changes in pancreas blood flow dynamics associated with the progression of diabetes in NOD mice. a Survival curves indicating time of diabetes onset for all NOD animals analyzed for this study. b Ad lib blood-glucose levels at the time of measurement for all NOD mice. c Reperfusion rate measured in NOD mice at ages indicated. d Data in b showing changes in individual NOD reperfusion rates between 6 and 12 weeks of age (left), or 6 to 18 weeks (right). e As in c for reperfusion amplitude. f As in d for changes in the reperfusion amplitude between 6 and 12 weeks of age (left), or 6 to 18 weeks (right). g Reperfusion rate measured in NOD-RAG1 KO immunodeficient mice at ages indicated. h Data in g showing changes in individual NOD-RAG1 KO reperfusion rates between 6 and 18 weeks. i As in g for reperfusion amplitude. j Correlations of reperfusion rate with time to diabetes from CEUS scan, in weeks. k Average reperfusion rate over animals that progressed to disease <5 weeks or >5 weeks from CEUS scan, along with measurements in NOD-RAG1 KO mice for comparison. l As in k, for average reperfusion amplitude. m Average change in the reperfusion rate between 6 and 12 weeks averaged over animals that progressed to disease <5 weeks or >5 weeks from CEUS scan, along with average changes in NOD-RAG1 KO mice for comparison. n As in m for change in reperfusion amplitude between 6 and 12 weeks. Error bars represent s.e.m. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 comparing groups indicated (paired t-test data in d, f, h; unpaired t-test in k–n; ANOVA data in c, e, g, i). Data in a–f represents n = 37 NOD mice (n = 24 for 18 weeks), data in g–i represents n = 6 NOD-RAG1 KO mice (n = 5 at 12w, 18w), data in j–l represents 71 scans over 27 NOD mice, data in m, n represents n = 27 NOD mice. A mixed-effects model was used to assess the statistical significance and generate the regression in j