Fig. 6

Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax inhibition of liver stage development assays (ILSDAs). a P. vivax sporozoites exposed to anti-P. vivax circumsporozoite protein monoclonal antibody 2F2 (PvCSP mAB 2F2) showed a concentration dependent dose response with complete inhibition (100%) of sporozoite invasion and LS development at 250 µg ml⁻¹. b, c Day 6 developing P. vivax liver stage (LS) parasites showed a decreased growth (µm²) phenotype to the 25 µg ml⁻¹ PvCSP mAB 2F2 concentration compared to the no antibody control. d P. falciparum sporozoites exposed to anti-P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein monoclonal antibody 2A10 (PfCSP mAB 2A10) showed complete inhibition (100%) at concentrations 80 and 40 µg ml⁻¹ with >50% inhibition at remaining concentrations. e, f Similarly, day 6 P. falciparum LS parasites had a decreased growth phenotype at the 10 µg ml⁻¹ PfCSP mAB 2A10 concentration compared to the no antibody control. g Dose response ILSDAs for test sera immunized against nanoparticles G2, G3, G6, and G7 (top), and representative images of day 6 P. falciparum LS parasite forms exposed to a 1:16 serum dilution (bottom). Graph bars represent means with s.d. biological replicates (n = 3, a, b and n = 2, d, e, g) with experimental replicates (n = 2, a, b, d, e, g). Statistical significance was determined for using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons to control where values are represented as P < 0.0001 (****) and no significance (ns, b) or was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons to control where values are represented by P < 0.01 (**) and no significance (ns, e). Gray scale bars represent 10 µm