Fig. 2
From: Regulation of cortical activity and arousal by the matrix cells of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus
Fast C1V1-mediated optogenetic stimulation of VM neurons awakens mice from NREM sleep but not from REM sleep. a Coronal section of the mouse brain (Bregma −1.46 A/P) showing a representative example of virus expression in VM (DIO-C1V1-AAV5, green). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. b Example of awakening after laser stimulation of VM in NREM sleep, showing the 10 s before and after laser onset. Top; EEG power in the SWA (0.5–4.5 Hz) and theta (6–10 Hz) range decreases a few seconds after laser onset. Red open squares identify OFF periods. Yellow bars indicate laser pulses (five 1-s-laser pulses, spaced 1 s apart), which strongly drive VM unit firing (VM MUA and ticks, thresholded spikes). The blue dotted line indicates the time of manually scored awakening. c Cumulative distribution function (CDF) plots of automatically detected latency to awakening after VM stimulation in NREM and REM sleep in C1V1-VM mice. NS; p > 0.05, **p < 0.01, yellow light stimulation vs. negative control in C1V1-VM, paired t-test (n = 4 mice); *p < 0.05, yellow light stimulation in C1V1-VM vs. control mice, ks-test, using mean of each mouse (n = 4 mice/group). d Example of VM stimulation in REM sleep
