Fig. 5
From: Spatio-temporal variability of processes across Antarctic ice-bed–ocean interfaces
Impact of extent and location of the continental shelf break on ocean circulation for different mean climate states. Simulated ocean horizontal velocities (cm s−1) at a depth of 420 m (averaged core depth of CDW) for: a mid Miocene (mid-MIO)89, for modern continental shelf break location, small AIS extent and atmospheric CO2 concentration of 450 ppm representing 17–15 Ma73. b Same as for a, but with a smaller continental shelf break63 than in a. c Same as for b, but with modern AIS extent and atmospheric CO2 concentration of 278 p.p.m. representing 14–12 Ma. Comparison between a and b gives the impact of the continental shelf extent and location, whereas comparison between a and c shows the impact of AIS extent (and CO2 concentration, which is of minor importance). Bottom row: simulated mean ocean states for key periods of the Plio/Pleistocene. d Mid-Pliocene simulation (mid-PLIO, ≈ 3 Ma) with Pliocene bathymetry, an almost ice-free West AIS and atmospheric CO2 concentration of 405 p.p.m.119. e LGM ( ≈ 21 ka) with LGM bathymetry, LGM AIS extent and atmospheric CO2 concentration of 185 p.p.m.120. f Pre-industrial simulation (PI) with modern bathymetry and AIS extent, and with atmospheric CO2 concentration of 278 p.p.m.119. The final 100 years of simulation of each model experiment is taken for analysis and outputs are available for download on the PANGEA database at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.889138
