Fig. 6

OER mechanism studies. a, b In situ Raman spectra collected on (a) Ni(OH)2/G and (b) NiCeO x H y /G electrodes from open circuit potential (OCP) to 1.6 V (vs. RHE) in 1 M KOH. c, d Operando XRD patterns collected on (c) Ni(OH)2/NF and (d) NiCeO x H y /NF electrodes at different potentials. Data of pristine dry powders and standard profiles of Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH are shown for reference. e Cartoon showing that the OER proceeds more favorably on NiCeO x H y with larger interlamellar spacing and higher ECSA relative to Ni(OH)2