Fig. 2

Control of particle size. a Illustrations of the stage-wise sublimation/deposition process on the left demonstrate the sublimating ice particles and the shrinking volume with respect to the elapsed time. The volume decrease in the ice particles was confirmed by the Cryo-SEM images recorded at the corresponding time shown in the middle column (images were captured at the same location for the same sample, scale bars: 50 μm, 40 μm, 14.5 μm, 1 μm from top down). SEM images of the fabricated polychloro-para-xylylene particles with the corresponding size (values represent the mean ± S.D. of six independent measurements) were shown on the right column (samples were prepared separately, scale bars: 50 μm). b SEM images and DLS analysis (top insets) of the polychloro-para-xylylene particles produced below submicron range for 418.5 ± 115.3 nm (scale bar: 1 μm), 141.3 ± 23.4 nm (scale bar: 150 nm), and 53.7 ± 15.0 nm (scale bar: 50 nm)