Table 1 Indicators and data to determine the ERAs for 2014 in Shanghai Municipality

From: Developing China’s Ecological Redline Policy using ecosystem services assessments for land use planning

Criteria

Indicators

Main data

Ecosystem services hotspots

Carbon storage and sequestration (carbon sequestered tonnes)

LULC, biomass values, and net primary production

Water storage (water retained m3)

LULC, rainfall, runoff, and evapotranspiration

Water purification (nitrogen removal kg)

LULC, digital elevation model, pollution export, and filtration coefficients

Soil conservation (soil retained tonnes)

Digital elevation model, sediment retention value, soil characteristics, rainfall, vegetation cover, and management factor

Ecologically fragile hotspots

Soil erosion (tonnes)

Digital elevation model, soil characteristics, rainfall, vegetation cover, and management factor

Desertification (dimensionless)

Humidity index, number of days with wind speed >6 m s−1, soil texture, vegetation cover, and evaporation/rainfall

Salinization (dimensionless)

Groundwater mineralization and topography

Biodiversity hotspots

Habitat quality (dimensionless)

Sensitivity of habitat types to each threat, relative impact of each threat on habitat, and distance of habitat from stressor

Stakeholder opinions

Stakeholder preferences for different ecosystem services (percentage)

Survey data

  1. Note: InVEST models were used to estimate the ecosystem services and biodiversity hotspots; delphi method used to estimate the ecologically fragile areas; survey was conducted to determine stakeholder preferences for different ecosystem services.
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