Fig. 5
From: Glucose promotes cell growth by suppressing branched-chain amino acid degradation
Glucose removal inhibits mTOR activation and cell growth. a NRCMs were pretreated with DMEM containing either glucose or non-glucose substrates for one hour and then incubated with phenylephrine (PE, 100 μM) or vehicle for 48 h. Myocytes were fixed and stained with anti-Troponin T to visualize CMs. Cellular surface area in each group was quantified and expressed relative to the control (*p < 0.05 vs. Glucose/Vehicle, #p < 0.05 vs. Glucose/PE, n = 4). Scale bar, 25 μm. b NRCMs were pretreated with DMEM containing either glucose or non-glucose substrates for one hour and then incubated with phenylephrine (PE, 100 μM) or vehicle for 6 h. Immunoblots of cell lysates (left) and statistical analyses of densitomeric measurements of p-p70 S6K (Thr 389), p-mTOR (Ser 2448), p-mTOR (Ser 2481), and p-AMPK α (Thr 172) (right) are shown (*p < 0.05 vs. Glucose/PE(-), #p < 0.05 vs. Glucose/PE(+), n = 4). Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. P values were determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls comparison test (b) or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s comparison test (a)
