Fig. 2

Identification of significant QTLs associated with the microbial growth of E. coli and S. aureus in monoculture and co-culture. a QTLs for time-dependent abundance detected by a static model. Outside and inside the genomes of each species (semi-circle) are the aligned time points, 0, 2, 4,…, 36 (in hour), at which abundance data were collected in monoculture and co-culture, respectively. Thin lines indicate significant associations between QTLs and microbial abundance at a particular time point. A pair of QTLs from E. coli and S. aureus that jointly affect the two species’ abundance in co-culture are shown by two lines in the same color. b QTLs for microbial growth trajectories over time 0, 2, 4,…,36 detected by a dynamic model. Outside and inside the genomes of each species (semi-circle) are QTLs or their underlying candidate genes detected in monoculture and co-culture, respectively. A pair of QTLs from different species to affect microbial growth are connected by thin lines. A genome-wide significance threshold for QTL detection at the 5% level was determined by 1000 permutation tests