Fig. 3

Glacial−deglacial carbon history of the surface and deep Pacific. a Surface oceanic ΔpCO₂ from ODP1238 with envelope showing 1 s.d. uncertainties¹⁰. Mean mid-late Holocene (after 7 kyr BP) value from the original publication is shown with the orange bar on the left. b EEP thermocline ¹⁴C reservoir ages from KNR176-GGC17/JPC30 based on twig ¹⁴C (blue squares, this study), TR163-23 based on stratigraphic alignments of G. ruber δ¹⁸O (magenta triangles)⁴, and ODP1240 based on stratigraphic alignments of G. ruber δ¹⁸O (cyan triangles) and alkenone SST (cyan inverted triangles)⁵. Mean mid-late Holocene value from this study is shown with the blue bar on the left, and the pre-bomb value from GLODAP²³ is displayed as the horizontal black dashed line. c Intermediate (~500–1000 m) water ¹⁴C disequilibria from the contemporaneous atmosphere (expressed as δ¹⁴R) reconstructed from KNR176-GGC17/JPC30 (blue), MV99-MC19/GC31/PC08 (cyan)^13,32, VM21-30 (magenta)¹⁴, SO161-SL22 (yellow)^15,37, and EW0408-85JC (dark cyan)³⁸. Where available, the uncertainties of published records are plotted as the major axis of error ellipse. Note that for our new results in b, c, they do not vary with calendar age, and mean values at a 2000-yr step (blue dashed line) are shown to avoid interpretive artifacts imposed by variable resolution. A sample with anomalous δ¹³C and unknown carbon source at ~17.4 kyr BP (Supplementary Fig. 6) is noted with an open symbol. d Mid-depth (~2000–3000m) EEP ventilation ages from TR163-23 (magenta square) and ODP1240 (cyan square) reconstructed with a stable reservoir age of N. dutertrei from this study (see Methods). The ventilation ages based on highly variable N. dutertrei reservoir ages derived from stratigraphic alignments^4,5 are displayed with open symbols (with the same colors and shapes as in b). ODP1240 samples with age reversals⁵ are not included. Mid-depth WEP ventilation ages from MD01-2386 are shown in yellow⁸. For c, d, modern value²³ for each site is noted by an arrow with corresponding color on the vertical axis. All error bars in this figure represent ±1 s.d. The symbol colors used in Fig. 3 follow those in Fig. 1. YD: Younger Dryas, BA: Bølling-Allerød, HS1: Heinrich Stadial 1