Fig. 5

Regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism by MKRN1 and AMPK. a, b Relative proportions of DEGs in MKRN1-null liver and adipose tissues according to their associated GOBPs. The GOBP terms at level 1 (a) and levels 2–4 (b) were used for general cellular processes and metabolic processes, respectively. c Cellular processes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism enriched by the up- and downregulated genes identified in MKRN1-null liver or adipose tissue. The bars represent −log₁₀ (P-value), where the P-value is the significance of the processes being enriched by the up- or downregulated genes. d Heat maps showing the changes in the expression of DEGs involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, gluconeogenesis and thermogenesis. The colour bar shows the gradient of the log₂ fold changes of mRNA expression levels in MKRN1-depleted samples relative to those in WT samples. e, f Network models describing alterations of metabolic reactions regulated by DEGs in MKRN1-null livers (e) and adipose tissue (f). Arrows denote metabolic reactions, and dotted lines denote the transportation of molecules or regulation involving intermediate regulators between the linked molecules. Node colours represent up- (red) or downregulation (green) in MKRN1-null livers or adipose tissue. The colour bar represents the gradient of the log₂ fold changes of mRNA expression levels induced by MKRN1 ablation relative to those in WT