Fig. 3
From: Major upwelling and overturning in the mid-latitude F region ionosphere

State parameters derived from incoherent scatter measurements using dual radar beams. a Line-of-sight E-region plasma drift profiles measured at zenith. b Average line-of-sight F-region plasma drifts measured at zenith. c Line-of-sight E-region plasma drift profiles measured off zenith. d Average line-of-sight F-region plasma drifts measured off zenith. e E-region temperature profiles. f Average F-region vector plasma drifts. Here the red, green, and blue lines indicate drifts parallel to the geomagnetic field, perpendicular and eastward, and perpendicular and upward/northward, respectively. g E-region zonal wind profiles. h E-region meridional wind profiles. i E-region vertical wind profiles. The bottom three panels reflect conditions within just the third patchy Es layer