Fig. 1

Effects of lrk-1 deficiency in α-synuclein propagation. a Scheme of the propagation of α-synuclein propagation model in C. elegans. b Venus BiFC fluorescence in wild-type and lrk-1(tm1898) mutant worms at day 13. The red arrowheads: inclusions in pharynx. c Quantification of Venus BiFC fluorescence at day 13. Twenty worms for each line were used, N = 3, *** P < 0.001. d Venus BiFC-positive inclusions with aging. The color bars in graph (d) represent quantification of number of Venus BiFC-positive inclusions in each BiFC transgenic line. Twenty worms for each line were used, N = 3, * P < 0.05. e, f Nerve degeneration. Percentage of worms with axonal bleb (e) and with fragmented axonal processes (f) in URA motor neurons in each transgenic line at day 13. Thirty worms for each line were used (N = 3 in each group), * p < 0.05. Error bars represent SEM and P values, including * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, were calculated by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test. g Relative pharyngeal pumping rates at day 13. Thirty worms for each line were used (N = 3 in each group). F(3, 270) = 65.620, *** p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. h Life span analyses. One hundred worms for each line were used (N = 3 in each group). F(3, 9) = 91.860, ** p < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. All values shown in the figure represent mean ± SEM