Fig. 3
Deposition morphology and cycling CE with LNO-SRF. SEM images of the Li deposition morphology on Cu substrate covered by LNO-SRF at a current density of 1 mA cm–2 and a capacity of a 0.1 mAh cm–2, b 0.5 mAh cm–2, and c 1 mAh cm–2, respectively. d SEM image of the Li foil surface after 50 stripping/plating cycles in a Li||Li symmetric cell with LNO-SRF. The cycling was done at a current density of 1 mA cm–2 and a capacity of 1 mAh cm–2. Scale bars, 2 μm in a and 5 μm in b–d. e The solubility-mediated dissolution of LiNO3 from the microporous LNO-SRF can maintain a high local NO3– concentration at the anode surface during battery cycling, which therefore results in a sustained modulation of Li deposition morphology. f Li cycling CE at a current density of 1 mA cm–2 and a capacity of 1 mAh cm–2 on Cu without additives (pristine EC/DEC), and with VC (2% VC) or nitrate (LNO-SRF) as additive. The electrolyte used in all cases were 0.5 M LiPF6 EC/DEC. g Long-term cycling performance of Li||NMC full-cell with a limited amount of excess Li (42 μm thin Li foil) in 0.5 M LiPF6 EC/DEC electrolyte (pristine EC/DEC) and in 0.5 M LiPF6 EC/DEC electrolyte with VC (2% VC) or nitrate (LNO-SRF) as additive. The areal mass loading of NMC was ~8 mg cm–2. The first two formation cycles were carried out at a current density of 0.2 mA cm–2, followed by 20 cycles at 0.5 mA cm–2, and the long-term cycling was at 1.0 mA cm–2
