Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the Trojan-Horse nanoparticles. Image illustration of the functionalities of the building blocks and construction of the Trojan-Horse nanoparticles (pPhD NPs), and their capabilities to overcome a series of biological barriers through TME responsiveness, de-PEGylation/cross-linkage, transformability, superior penetrations, enhanced cell internalisation, intracellular drug release for multimodal imaging and trimodality therapies. Abbreviations: PDT photodynamic therapy, PTT photothermal therapy, NIRFI near-infrared fluorescence imaging, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, TME tumour microenvironment, Red square denotes Phy, and blue circle denotes DOX, PhD pheophorbide a-hydrazone-doxorubicin, upPhD NPs unPEGylated PhD NPs, pPhD NPs PEGylated PhD NPs, 1O2 reactive oxygen species