Fig. 1

Fungal alterations in CDI. a Comparison of the total fungal load in the feces of controls and CDI subjects. Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney test, ^***P < 0.001. b Comparison of the fecal mycobiota based on Shannon diversity, evenness, Chao1 richness in controls and CDI subjects. The dots indicate individual values of the studied subjects. Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney test, *P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01. c Fungal community structure difference between controls and CDI by NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) plot based upon Bray–Curtis dissimilarities. d Comparison of the fecal mycobiota composition between controls and CDI subjects at the phylum level. e Differentially enriched fungal species between controls and CDI. Statistical significance was determined by LefSe analysis with FDR correction (only those species with q values < 0.05 and LDA effect size > 2 are shown). Heatmap of the presence of these differential fungal species is shown in relative abundance intensity. LDA effect size, log₁₀ transformed q value (FDR-adjusted p value) and species annotation are shown. Green bars and dots indicate species enriched in controls, while red bars and dots indicate species enriched in CDI. f Comparison of the relative abundance of fecal C. albicans in controls and CDI subjects. Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney test, ^**P < 0.01. For box plots, the boxes extend from the first to third quartile (25th to 75th percentile), with the median depicted by a vertical line