Fig. 5
Ecosystem coupling–multifunctionality relationship with progressive animal exclusions. Ecosystem coupling was calculated for above–belowground interactions (a–f) and belowground interactions (g–l). Ecosystem multifunctionality (MF) was calculated using the multiple threshold approach for thresholds between 10 and 99% (a–c, g–i) and for the average of all thresholds intervals (multifunctionality; d–f, j–l). The ecosystem coupling–multifunctionality relationship is shown for a–d all interactions, b–e biotic–biotic interactions, c–f abiotic–biotic interactions involving above- and belowground constituents, and g, j all interactions, h–k biotic–biotic interactions, and i–l abiotic–biotic interactions involving belowground constituents only. Bars in d–f and j–l represent the standard error of the mean of coupling and multifunctionality within each combination of experimental treatment and vegetation type. n = 10. See Supplementary Table 4 for correlations between ecosystem coupling and individual ecosystem functions
