Fig. 5

Characterization of mechanism. a Cyclic voltammograms, and b in situ Raman spectra. c In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery comprised of atomic cobalt-decorated hollow carbon sulfur host (RT-Na/S@Con-HC) cells (left) with the initial galvanostatic charge/discharge curves (middle) at 500 mA g−1, and contour plot of XRD patterns at selected ranges of degrees two theta (right) at 100 mA g−1