Fig. 5
Long-term stability. a Air stability of non-encapsulated PSCs based on cross-linked MAPbI3–TMTA and control MAPbI3. The devices are kept in air (relative humidity: 45–60%) and measured regularly in glovebox filled with N2. b Thermal stability of PSCs based on cross-linked MAPbI3–TMTA and control MAPbI3. The devices are kept on hotplate (85 °C) in glovebox and measured regularly. c Operational stability of non-encapsulated MAPbI3–TMTA (after cross-linking) and control MAPbI3 based PSCs. The devices are examined at maximum power point with a constant load (0.84 V, 0.86 V for MAPbI3–TMTA and MAPbI3 devices respectively) under continuous full-sun, AM 1.5 G illumination in glovebox. Under this condition, the continuous power output is monitored in our PSCs. The red triangle is the devices efficiency obtained from J–V curves. Note that the light source in the operational stability is Xenon lamp (Newport Oriel Sol3A solar simulator, 100 mW cm−2) without any UV filter calibrated by a reference solar cell (Newport) and that the external load (0.84 V) and AM 1.5 G illumination is continuously applied on the PSCs except the calibration of light source
