Fig. 4

Catalytic performance and proposed mechanism. a A comparison of benzene oxidation catalyzed by the Co-ISA/CNS catalyst, CoPc, Co-NPs, and NC. b Recycle performance of Co-ISA/CNS catalyst. c, d Proposed mechanism of H₂O₂ activation and benzene oxidation by DFT calculations over Co-ISA/CNS catalyst and Co-NPs, respectively