Fig. 3 | Nature Communications

Fig. 3

From: Water printing of ferroelectric polarization

Fig. 3

New chemical bond formation after aqueous-solution treatments. Corresponding typical quasi-static piezoresponse hysteresis loops show that coercive fields decreased after Milli-Q-water-induced polarization switching (a) and acidic-solution-induced polarization switching (b). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrums showing an appearance of peak belongs to M–O–H bond after the polarization reversed in Milli-Q water (c) and acidic solution (d), indicating a significant formation of new surface chemical structure on BFO

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