Fig. 1
From: Energy level tuned indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films for efficient photovoltaics

Scheme of the two-step surface modification of InAs CQDs. Step-1 is the cleanup of the InAs CQD surface by NOBF4 treatment; Step-2 is the passivation of a naked surface by incoming ligands (ILs), including thiolate, carboxylate, and halides. In this process, Step-1 leads to the phase transfer of InAs CQDs from hexane to DMF, and Step-2 occurs in the same phase of the DMF solvent