Fig. 4
Photovoltaic characterization. a PV metrics of perovskite solar cells with different modulators. All J-V curves recorded at a scanning rate of 50 mV s−1 in reverse direction under standard AM 1.5G solar radiation, unless stated otherwise. PV metrics are summarized in Supplementary Tables 2–6. b J–V curves of the champion cell containing SN recorded in reverse (from VOC to JSC) and forward (from JSC to VOC) scanning directions under standard AM 1.5G solar radiation. The photovoltaic metrics derived from the two J–V curves are shown in the inset. c The corresponding IPCE spectrum (black curve) with the projected photocurrent (red curve) derived from integrating the IPCE over the standard AM 1.5G spectral emission
