Fig. 3
ark1 mutants show reduced R. irregularis colonization after prolonged cocultivation. Percentage (%) root length colonized in wild-type and ark1-1 (a) and ark1-2 (b) mutant alleles at 3 weeks post inoculation (3 wpi) and 6 wpi. c, d Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA, green) and propidium iodide counter-stained plant cell walls (red) of WT, ark1-1, and ark1-2 at 3 wpi and 6 wpi, Scale bar 10 μm. Representative images of three roots from at least three plants are provided. e Nurse plant experimental design and f abundance of fungal structures (%) in nurse plant-inoculated WT, ark1-1, and ark1-2 as indicated in (e) at 6 wpi; T total colonization, EH extra-radical hyphae, H hyphopodia, IH intra-radical hyphae, A, arbuscules, S spores, V vesicles. For statistical analysis Kruskal−Wallis tests with the Holm adjustment method were performed using the agricolae package and selecting the option for “treatment groups formation” with P value set at ≤0.05. Bars show median levels while the letters above each bar indicate colonization values that were not significantly different in the post hoc pairwise comparisons
