Fig. 5

Ionic conductivity. Typical complex impedance plots at 300 °C of a BiVO4 and b Bi0.95Sr0.05VO3.975 and their fitted curves (green), as well as the deconvolution of bulk (red), grain boundary (black), and electrode (blue)-response arcs. Rb and Rt denote bulk and total resistivities, respectively. The inset in a shows the capacitance as a function of frequency. c Arrhenius plots of the conductivities for Bi1−xSrxVO4−0.5x (x = 0–0.2). The inset shows the bulk conductivity at 500 °C as a function of x. d The pO2 dependency of the conductivity of BiVO4 and Bi0.9Sr0.1VO3.95 at 700 °C