Fig. 2

Punch-out mechanism. One <100> (red) and one <111> (green) interstitial loop are selected for analysis of their a the root-mean-square displacement, b root-mean-square velocity, and c averaged kinetic energy per atom as a function of time for the interstitial atoms forming the dislocation loops. The insets in a show the morphology of the SIA atoms consisting of the <100> loop at three different stages. The blue diamond dots mark the corresponding locations in the curves for the snapshots in Fig. 1. The dash-lines in c mark the formation energies of the dislocation loops per atom. The selected <100> and <111> interstitial loops are in the inset of c with coordination orientation. The red dots denote the interstitial atoms and the blue dots denote the vacancies. The <100> loop and <111> loop are represented by the red and green lines, respectively