Fig. 1

Sex separation induces gene expression differences between male and female mice in MOE and VNO tissues. a Experimental set-up. From weaning (P21) until 6 months of age, mice experienced either a sex-separated environment, in which mice were housed either 4 females/cage (left) or 4 males/cage (middle), or a sex-combined environment (right), in which mice were housed 2 females+2 males/cage. b Percentage of expressed genes that were identified via RNA-seq as significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) within MOE, VNO, and OB tissues between male and female sex-separated (SF versus SM) and sex-combined (CF versus CM) mice. c, d Venn diagram of expressed genes identified via RNA-seq as significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) within MOE, VNO, and OB tissues between male and female sex-separated (SF versus SM) (c) and sex-combined (CF versus CM) (d) mice. e Percentage of expressed genes that were identified via RNA-seq as significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) within MOE, VNO, and OB tissues between sex-separated and sex-combined female (SF versus CF) and male (SM versus CM) mice. f, g Venn diagram of expressed genes identified via RNA-seq as significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) within MOE, VNO, and OB tissues between sex-separated and sex-combined female (SF versus CF) (f) and male (SM versus CM) (g) mice. SF sex-separated females, SM sex-separated males, CF sex-combined females, SM sex-combined males. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p <0.0001 (Chi-squared test)