Table 1 Landmark description

1

Prosthion: antero-inferior point on projection of pre-maxilla between central incisors

2, 27

Maxilla: anterior extreme of tooth row (before first premolar)

3, 28

Maxilla: contact points between adjacent pre-molars/molars, projected labially onto alveolar margin

4, 29

Maxilla: contact points between adjacent pre-molars/molars, projected lingually onto alveolar margin

5, 30

Maxilla: posterior midpoint onto alveolar margin of last molar

6

Palatine: posterior edge on the midline

7

Basioccipital and basisphenoid: meeting point along midline

8, 31

Basioccipital, basisphenoid and tympanic bulla: meeting point

9, 32

Foramen ovale

10, 33

Anterior tip of acoustic meatus

11, 34

Posterior tip of acoustic meatus

12, 35

Posterior tip of jugular foramen

13

Basion: anterior-most point of foramen magnum

14, 36

Posterior extremity of occipital condyle along margin of foramen magnum

15

Opisthion

16, 37

Tip of paraoccipital process

17, 38

Infraorbital foramen (center on side external to the orbit)

18, 39

Lacrimal foramen

19, 40

Optic foramen

20, 41

Zygo-temp inferior: infero-lateral point of zygomatico (jugal) - temporal (squamosal) suture on lateral face of zygomatic arch

21

Rhinion: most anterior midline point on nasals

22, 42

Nasal And pre-maxilla: meeting point on margin of piriform aperture

23, 43

Maxilla and premaxilla: meeting point on margin of palate

24

Nasion: midline point on fronto-nasal suture

25, 44

Notch anterior to postorbital process

26

Inion: most posterior point of the cranium