Fig. 5

Ullmann reaction of HPBI on Au(111). a STM image of a triangular oligomer formed from three HPBI molecules. b STM image of linear oligomers formed from two HPBI molecules. c STM image of linear and angled oligomers formed from three HPBI molecules. The distances between the adjacent oligomer chains are the same as the intermolecular distances in the β phase, as indicated by the blue lines. d–f The corresponding structure models of STM images in a–c. Scale bar in all STM images: 1 nm