Fig. 5
From: Fluorine-free water-in-ionomer electrolytes for sustainable lithium-ion batteries
50wt% ‘water-in-ionomer’ gel as lithium-ion electrolyte. a Electrochemical stability windows of the 50 wt% LiPAA electrolyte measured on Pt, stainless steel (SS) and Al as well as cyclic voltammograms of TiO2, LiTi2(PO4)3, LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 on various current collectors as indicated in the graph. Scan rate: 0.1 mV s−1. b Comparison of aqueous lithium-ion battery end-of-charge voltages with various salts. The “salt-in-water” electrolyte correspond to 1 M Li2SO4 in a LiTi2(PO4)3/LiMn2O4 cell39, the “water-in-salt electrolyte” corresponds to Li(TFSI)0.7(BETI)0.3·2H2O in a Li4Ti5O12/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cell22, and the “water-in-ionomer” corresponds to the 50 wt% LiPAA gel electrolyte in a TiO2/LiMn2O4 cell. c. Evolution of specific capacities and coulombic efficiencies of a LiTi2(PO4)3/LiMn2O4 battery cell at 0.5 C. Current collectors: SS. The weight refers to both electrodes. Insert: Voltage profiles for selected cycles as indicated on the graph. d Performance data of aqueous lithium-ion batteries based on various electrochemical couples. LiTi2(PO4)3/LiFePO440, LiV3O8/LiNi0.81Co0.19O241, VO2/LiMn2O418, Mo6S8/LiMn2O420, Li4Ti5O12/LiCoO2 and Li4Ti5O12/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O422. Insert: Energy densities for selected aqueous electrolytes for LiTi2(PO4)3/ LiMn2O4 couple. 50 wt% LiPAA, 5M LiNO342, 2 M Li2SO443, 1 M Li2SO445
