Table 1 Photovoltaic performance and stability of 2D-MD-3D perovskites

1D

  EA/PA

EAPbI₃

0.26

—

2.2

⁸⁸

PAPbI₃

0.016

—

2.4

2D

  BA/BdA/PEI/PEA

BA₂PbI₄

0.124

—

2.3

⁸⁹

[NH₃(CH₂)₄NH₃]PbI₄

1.08

—

2.37

T₇₄ = 48

⁹⁰

(PEA)₂PbBr₄

—

—

3.0

⁶⁸

(PEI)₂PbI₄

—

—

2.3

⁹¹

MD

 Class I

  BA/MA

(BA)₂CsPb₂I₇

4.84

—

2.2

T₉₂ = 720

⁸⁹

(BA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀

4.02

—

1.89

¹²

(BA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀

11.44

—

—

—

⁶¹

(BA)₂(MA)₃Pb₄I₁₃

8.79

6.8

1.65

⁶⁶

(BA)₂(MA)₃Pb₄I₁₃

12.51

—

1.66

T₇₀  = 2050

T₁₀₀ = 2250 (Sealed)

⁶¹

(iso-BA)₂(MA)₃Pb₄I₁₃

10.63

6.43

1.74

⁶³

(BA)₂Cs_3x(MA)_3-3xPb₄I₁₃^c

13.68

—

1.62

T₈₉ = 1400

⁶²

(BA)₂(MA)₄Pb₅I₁₆

8.05

—

1.6

⁹²

(BA)₂(MA)₄Pb₅I₁₆

8.71

—

1.83

³⁸

  HA/MA/FA/Cs

HA₂MAPb₂I₇

0.34

—

⁶⁴

HA₂FAPb₂I₇

1.26

—

⁶⁴

HA₂CsPb₂I₇

0.10

—

⁶⁴

  PEI/MA

(PEI)₂(MA)₆Pb₇I₂₂ 

10.08

—

1.62

T₉₀ = 500

³⁵

  PEA/MA^d

(PEA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀

4.73

—

2.1

¹¹

(PEA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀

3.72

—

1.94

T₇₀ = 1440

⁹³

(PEA)₂(MA)₉Pb₁₀Br₂₉

—

—

2.3

—

⁶⁸

(PEA)₂(MA)₄₉Pb₅₀Br₁₅₁

8.5

—

2.2

—

⁶⁸

(PEA)₂(MA)₅₉Pb₆₀I₁₈₁

15.4

—

—

T₇₄ = 1440 (N₂);

T₈₅ = 336 (55%)

³⁴

  ALA^e/Cs/FA

ALA₂(MA_0.14FA_0.81Cs_0.05)₉Pb₁₀(I_0.85Br_0.15)₂₉

16.5

—

—

T₉₅ = 680 (30–40%, dark)

⁴⁹

 Class II

  PEI/MA

(MAPbI₃)_1−x[(PEI)₂PbI₄]_x(x = 0.02)

15.2

—

T₈₄ = 336

⁹⁴

  BA/FA/Cs^f

(BA)_0.09(FA_0.83Cs_0.17)_0.91Pb(I_0.6Br_0.4)₃

17.2

17.3

1.72

T₈₀ = 3,880 (sealed)

T₈₀ = 1005

⁵³

(BA)_0.05(FA_0.83Cs_0.17)_0.95Pb(I_0.8Br_0.2)₃

20.6

19.5

1.61

—

⁵³

  AVA(3%)/MA^f

(AVA)₂PbI₄/MAPbI₃

14.6

—

1.69

T₆₀ = 300

⁵⁸

(AVA)₂PbI₄/MAPbI₃ module

10.10

—

T₁₀₀ > 10,000 (sealed)

⁵⁸

  IC₂H₄NH₃/MA/FA ion exchange^f

(IC₂H₄NH₃)₂(MA)_x(n−1)(FA)_y(n−1)Pb_nI_3n+1^g

9.03

—

1.63

⁵⁹

  Interface/morphology (LPK)

(PEA)_1−x(FA)_xPbI₃ (M_FA/M_PEA= 40)^f

17.71

17.3

1.522

T₉₀ = 384

⁵⁶

(PEI)₂PbI₄ /MAPbI₃

15.37

—

T₉₀ = 200

⁹¹

MAPbI₃/(PEA)₂Pb₂I₄ 3D–2D graded

19.89

19.85

1.53

T₆₀ = 720

⁴²

(PEA₂PbI₄)_0.017(MAPbI₃)

19.8

17.8

—

T₉₂ = 1008

⁹⁵

MAPbI₃/BA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀

11.49

—

⁵⁴

MAPbI₃/(PEA)₂(MA)₄(Pb₅I₁₆)

16.84

—

T₉₂ = 456

⁵⁴

  2D passivation^f

FEAPbI₃/MAPbI₃

17.9

—

T₉₂ = 2880

⁴⁰

BzA-FAPbI₃ (benzylammonium)

19.2

19.0

1.48

T₅₀ = 3000

⁵¹

BA-treated MAPbI₃

19.56

19.29

1.54

T₉₆ = 100 (95 °C, N₂, dark)

⁴¹

(MA)_1−2x(EDA)_xPbI₃ (x = 0.008)

18.6

18.1

1.59

T₇₅ = 72

⁵⁵

NH₃I(CH₂)₈NH₃I (C8)

17.60

—

—

—

⁵⁷

3D

 Mono-ions

  FAPbl₃

13.24

—

1.48

T₀ = 200 (light) T₉₀= 500 (85 °C, dark)

^{96, 97}

  MAPbI₃

16.1

—

1.56

T₉₅=1440 (25 °C, 30–50% RH)

⁹⁸

  CsPbI₃

1.8

5.6

10.5

1.73

T₈₅ = 840 (dark, dry box)

^{89, 99, 100}

  MAPbBr₃

8.1

—

2.2

T₉₃ = 1000 (ambient condition)

^{68, 101}

 Mixed-ions

  FA_1−xMA_xPbI₃

20.65

—

—

T₈₅= 500 (light)

T₉₀= 500 (85 °C, dark)

⁹⁷

  CsFAMAPbI_3−xBr_x

20.4

20.5

—

T₉₅= 1000 (60 °C)

¹⁰

  RbCsFAMAPbI₃

21.8

21.6

—

T₉₅= 500 (85 °C, 1 Sun)

¹⁰²

  CsPbI₂Br

7.7

6.7

—

T₈₇= 250 (85 °C and 85% RH)

⁸⁷

  CsPb_0.9Sn_0.1IBr₂

11.33

—

1.79

T₁₀₀ = 1750 (sealed, RT)

T₁₀₀ = 336 (sealed, 100 °C)

T₈₅ = 50 (unsealed RT, 50–60% RH)

¹⁰³