Table 1 Solar cell designs in order of increasing yearly energy yield

From: Solar cell designs by maximizing energy production based on machine learning clustering of spectral variations

Junctions

Suns

kWh m−2 year−1

Ef. (%)

Std. Ef. (%)

Rec. (%)

Gaps (eV)

1 Diffuse

1

106.3

27.76

—

—

1.42 Diffuse light only

1 Si

1

617.7

25.87

26.98

26.7

1.12 Gap not optimal, EQE = 1

1

1

648.2

27.14

27.84

28.8

1.35 ERE = 0.2

2

1

758.0

31.81

33.39

32.8

1.13, 1.69

1 + 1

1

792.6

33.26

34.32

32.8

1.13, 1.81

3

1000

805.5

41.56

44.31

44.4

0.95, 1.35, 1.82

3 HG

1

830.6

34.78

36.88

33.3

1.12, 1.48, 1.94

3

1

849.3

35.63

37.65

37.9

0.95, 1.38, 1.86

4

1000

856.6

44.19

47.15

46.0

0.74, 1.14, 1.48, 1.91

5 HG

1000

870.4

44.90

47.71

—

0.94, 1.18, 1.44, 1.71, 2.09

2 + 2

1000

879.6

45.38

47.56

—

0.73, 1.14, 1.54, 1.97

5

1000

884.1

45.61

49.11

—

0.72, 1.02, 1.29, 1.61, 2.01

6

1000

911.6

47.03

50.19

—

0.70, 0.98, 1.21, 1.46, 1.74, 2.11

3 + 3

1000

939.8

48.48

51.21

—

0.71, 1.00, 1.25, 1.56, 1.83, 2.19

Bi + 2

1

1007.9

36.00

37.62

35.9

1.12 + 1.58, 2.02

Bi + 5 HG

1000

1116.8

44.90

47.71

—

1.12 + 0.94, 1.18, 1.44, 1.71, 2.09

  1. Mechanical stacking is denoted by a plus sign
  2. Ef. is the yearly averaged efficiency, Rec. is the experimental record efficiency17, HG is the high band gap local efficiency maximum, Bi is the energy yield of concentrator modules including bifacial silicon solar cells in the back of the module for collecting diffuse and albedo irradiance20
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