Fig. 5
From: Formation of electron radiation belts at Saturn by Z-mode wave acceleration
Comparison of the effects of Z-mode waves and radial diffusion inside 4 RS. a, c, e Differential flux at 1 MeV after 365 days summed over all pitch angles where the labels E and G refer to the E and G rings. b, d, f Phase space density at constant first and second adiabatic invariants (µ,J) corresponding to 1 MeV and 50° pitch angle at L = 3. SATRAD model and uncertainty range shown in gray, evolution over equal time steps of 7 days starting in black lines through blue and yellow, finishing in red. The broad red band shows the range of possible finishing points for the phase space density after 365 days given uncertainties in the SATRAD model. a, b Purely local wave acceleration at each L-shell with no radial diffusion. c, d Local and radial diffusion run together showing the smoothing out of the locally accelerated electrons. e, f Radial diffusion only using the same initial condition as a–d but with an added SATRAD energy spectrum just inside the orbit of each moon to form the radial seed population. A worst case absorption has been assumed for the moons, where all electrons are absorbed, in reality the effects of the moons will be smaller
