Fig. 1

Fracture energy of epoxy-Cu-MPTMS-SiO₂ structures under static and fatigue loading. a Schematic depicting the four-point bending test and b the strain energy release rate characteristics for load-shedding fatigue and static loading. c Fatigue fracture energy of polymer-metal-ceramic structures with Cu-MPTMS-SiO₂ interfaces (red squares) and Cu-SiO₂ interfaces (blue circles) determined at \(p_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}}\) = 0.6 kPa, shown together with d the corresponding static stress fracture energies. Each data point represents at least three tests. The width of the bands, drawn through the data points to guide the eye, connote the experimental uncertainty measured as standard deviation