Fig. 3
The disruptive effect of IS-2-Pi-TPP on mitochondria. a The effect of IS-2-Pi-TPP on MMP was monitored by JC-1 staining. JC-1 aggregates accumulate in mitochondrial matrices with high MMP and emit orange-red fluorescence. Upon depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, JC-1 aggregates are dissipated into the cytoplasm as monomers that emit green fluorescence. b The effect of IS-2-Pi-TPP on mitochondrial morphology, as indicated by the Tom70-GFP distribution. Scale bar, 10 μm. c and d MitoSOX Red and SYTOX were used to indicate the redox state of the mitochondria and the survival state of C. albicans, respectively. Superoxide production in the mitochondria and the survival state induced by IS-2-Pi-TPP were detected by flow cytometry (c) or observed by confocal microscopy (d). Scale bar, 10  μm. e The relative contents of Cyt c in the mitochondria and cytosol in cells treated with the indicated concentrations of IS-2-Pi-TPP. Data are shown as means ± s.e.m. from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by Student’s t-test. f Nuclear damage of C. albicans cells in response to IS-2-Pi-TPP treatment. Scale bar, 5 μm. g Apoptosis and necrosis of C. albicans induced by IS-2-Pi-TPP. Cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC or PI to detect characteristics of apoptosis or necrosis under treatment with IS-2-Pi-TPP. The stained cells were observed by CLSM. Scale bar, 5 μm. In a and c, a total of 10,000 events were collected for data analysis without using specific gating strategies
