Fig. 7

OWS performance of the electrocatalyst. a Schematic representation of the OWS process. b, c OWS activities of e-ICLDH@GDY, a precious RuO2-Pt couple, and the pristine ICLDH/NF b without and c with iR-correction. d OWS activities of e-ICLDH@GDY and previously reported electrocatalysts. e CV curves for OWS processes performed at various temperatures. f Arrhenius plots for OWS processes performed on e-ICLDH@GDY/NF at various potentials. g, h Current density–time curves measured with g increasing (red line) and h decreasing (blue line) cell voltages. i Current density of the e-ICLDH@GDY/NF electrode in an alkaline electrolyzer under a constant cell voltage of 1.56 V, measured over 60 h (inset: the photograph for the two-electrode system)