Fig. 4
Founder effect event of qingke. a Genome-wide genetic diversity in chromosome 1H in barley groups. Values of unbiased nucleotide diversity (π), Watterson’s estimator (θW), gene diversity/heterozygosity (HE), and recombination rate (ρ) were plotted with “smooth bezier” treatment of Gnuplot (http://www.gnuplot.info/). Values on the other chromosomes (2H–7H) are presented in Supplementary Figures 4–7. Qingke showed lower genome-wide genetic diversity compared to other barley groups. b Effective population size inferred by SMC++66 based on WGS SNPs data for qingke, western cultivar, and eastern Asian groups. The SMC++ run was repeated two times with seven randomly chosen accessions of qingke and western cultivar groups, respectively. A marked decline of effective population size of qingke compared with eastern Asian group from ~2000 to ~4500 years ago is highlighted in green. c Split time when qingke and the eastern Asian landrace separated from their ancestry inferred by SMC++66. The dash line indicates the split time was nearly 8000 years ago. Source data are provided as a Source Data file
