Fig. 5
Mechanism of tumour cell apoptosis induced by EDT. a Representative CLSM images of different groups of HepG2 cells using γH2AX as a DNA damage biomarker. Scale bar, 20 µm. The red fluorescence indicates the DNA damage of HepG2 cells caused by 1O2 after SCMGs treatment. b Representative fluorescent images of DNA damages in different groups of HepG2 cells using the neutral comet assays. Scale bars, 50 μm. The appearance of longer comet tails in HepG2 cells indicates the damaged DNA doubles-strand breaks. c Effects of SCNGs on cell cycles by flow cytometry assays on different groups of HepG2 cells with PI staining (left), and the corresponding data analysis (right). The control, NGs and SCNGs groups are referring to the HepG2 cells after incubation with PBS, NGs and SCNGs respectively at the IC50 value for 24 h. The all experiments were performed three times, and the representative results are displayed. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3). p values were analyzed by Student’s two-sided t-test (*P < 0.05, n.s. represents no significant differences). Source data are provided as a Source Data file
