Fig. 3
From: Ripplocations provide a new mechanism for the deformation of phyllosilicates in the lithosphere
Lattice curvature and interlayer expansion. a Lattice curvature is visible at the scale of individual TMT layers, which bend up to 30° within as little as 3 nm forming ripples (indicated by arrows in bottom left). Inset shows detail of the region indicated by the attached arrow overlain with a biotite atomic structure model showing how the lattice expansion occurs within the interlayer. b Profile integrated from the region defined in a showing a widening of brighter contrast interlayers within the regular 1 nm lattice spacing of pristine biotite. The double peak to the right represents an individual chlorite layer. c High-magnification transmission electron microscope lattice fringe image with biotite atomic structure model overlain. Dark regions centre on octahedral layers, intermediate (grey) regions show tetrahedral layers and light regions demonstrate the location of interlayers
