Fig. 5

ER stress responses in obesity and diabetes. Both db/db mice and m/m mice were fasted for 24 h and refed for 6 h. a–c, e ER stress markers were analyzed by a Western blotting of total lysates (n = 4), b RT-PCR (n = 3–6), c Western blotting of nuclear extracts (n = 3–7), and e Western blotting of microsomal fractions (n = 3–4). d ChIP assay, using antibodies recognizing XBP-1 or ATF6, for analysis of binding of transcription factors with the Sdf2l1 promoter in the liver, in a 1-h refed state after 24 h of fasting (n = 3). The relative expression levels were normalized by the upstream region (−3.5 kb) and then by control IgG (rabbit or mouse IgG, respectively). Values of the data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Unpaired 2-tailed t-test was used for assessment