Fig. 1

Illustration of the nuclear reaction analysis. a Schematic illustration of the accelerator system for the nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). The system consists of components, such as the ion source, electrostatic spherical (E.S.) analyzer, injection magnet, electrostatic cylindrical (E.C.) analyzer, several magnetic quadrupole-lens (M.Q.), time of flight (TOF), and analyzing cambers. In the present work, the system is mainly used for the NRA measurement, while the ultra high vacuum NRA, Rutherford backscattering (RBS), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) can be also performed in additional chambers and altering the ion source. b The working principle for quantitative detection of the hydrogen composition as a function of distribution depth by using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). Only ¹⁵N²⁺ ions with kinetic energies (E_K) of 6.385 MeV after penetrating SmNiO₃ (Energy loss: 3.1945 keV nm⁻¹) can be resonant with the hydrogen element and yield detectable gamma-rays