Fig. 1

Preparation and characterization of the compounds and NPs. a Molecular structures of NDTA, 2TPE-NDTA, and 2TPE-2NDTA. b Schematic of 2TPE-NDTA-doped NP, showing active excited-state intramolecular motion within NPs. c Dynamic light scattering profiles of the NPs indicated. Inset: transmission electron microscopy image of 2TPE-2NDTA-doped NPs. Scale bar, 200 nm. d–f The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of NDTA (black), 2TPE-NDTA (red), and 2TPE-2NDTA (blue) in THF solution (d), the doped NPs (e) in water and thin films (f). Inset: the contrast of the PL intensity of the as-prepared NPs in water and in a THF solution of NDTA (e), and the contrast of the PL intensity of thin film and THF solution of NDTA (f)